Saddex dal oo sanadihii 1991, 1999 iyo 2008 helay aqoonsiyo caalamiya ayaayn si kooban u dul mari doona taariikhdooda aqoonsi raadinta ahayad, waxaynu ka baran doona hababka dawladah kale u caawiyeen, doorka Qaramada midoobay ka qaadatay aqoonsigooda, doorka qurbajoogta wadamadaasi ka ciyaaren raadinta aqoonsi caalamiya, wadamadan oo in ka badan 20 sano u dhabar adaygay xoriyada raadin tooda iyado kumanaan dadkooda kamid ah dhiig dhagta loo daray, halka millions kalana ay dalkoodi hooyo ka haajireen.

Gabogabada maqaalkan waxaynu isku dayi doona kadib fahanka wadamaadas helay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah waxa Bulsho weynta Somaliland u banan inay maanta ku dhaqaaqdo doorka dawladu qaadan karto, doorka aqoonyahanka, doorka qurba joogta, doorka shakhsiyaadka caalamka samaynta ku leh ee reer Somaliland ahi qaadan karan iyo doorka shakhsiga caadiga ah uga banana iyadoon xisbi, am fakir siyasadeed gaar ah lagu shaqaynaynin ee lo dhaqaaqayo jid fikirkiisa lagu midaysan yahay. Habka xogta loo helay am methodology ga la isticmaalay waa (document analysis) maqaalo iyo research yo la sameeyay ayaa laga soo dheegtay xogtan hoos ku qoran.

2.0 Xog Ururin (Literature review)

Wa xog ururin kooban oo aynu ka soo qaadanay maqaalo, documents iyo research lagu sameeyay hababkii saddex wadan (Kosovo, East Timor, iyo Eritrea) ay ku heleen aqoonsi caalamiya iyo haayadihii, wadamadii, ururadii iyo siyasadiihi ka caawiyay gaadhida aqoonsi caalamiya.

2.1 Kosovo

Kosovo waxay hore u ahaan jirtay ismaamul goboleed ka tirsan Jamhuuriyada Serbia dalka Kosovo waxa ku nool dadka Albanianta oo ah majority iyo Serbians oo ah dadka laga tiro badan yahay, sanadkii 1998 ayaa dawlada Serbia ciidamo geysay gobolka Kosovo iyado la wareegtay ismamulkii Kosovo ee dadka Albanianta kaaso sababay dhibaatoyin bina aadanimo oo aad u daran.

Iskuday wada hadalo dhex maray Kosovo iyo Serbia ayaa guul daraystay si ciidamada Serbianka looga saaro Kosovo, markii wada hadaladi guul daraysteen waxa weerar cira ak ku qaaday Serbia Ciidamada NATO oo ku khasbay inay ciidamadooda kala baxaan Kosovo.

Faro galintii NATO kadib waxa UN ku soo saaray qaarar numberkiisu ahaa 1244 (1999) kasoo UN ka awood u siinayay inay iyadu maamusho Kosovo si loo so celiyo is maamulkii gobolka Kosovo, waxa kale oo xiliga dhinac socday wado hadalo la doonayay in Serbia iyo Kosovo ku gaadhan heshiis lagu sugaayo xuquuqda Kosovo waxa wada hadalada ku lug lahaa US , Russia iyo Midowga Yurub ugu danbayn 2007 waxa la cadeeyay inanu suuro gal ahayn heshiis ay gaadhan labad dhinac waxan la sheegay in dhinac waliba aanu ogalayn inu ka soo dabco halkiisa.

Kadib burburkii wado hadaladi labada dhinac waxay sababtay in ugu danbeyntii 17 February 2008 baarlamaanka Kosovo ayaa ku dhawaaqay in ay si toos ah u go’aansadeen inay noqdaan dal madax banaan.

2.1.2 Falcelintii caalamka ee ku dhawaaqida Madaxbananida Kosovo

Ku dhawaaqida Kosovo Madaxbananided waxa markiiba ka booday Serbia iyo Russia ayaa ku dooday inaan qaraarkii UN ka ee 1244 ogolayan in Kosovo ku dhawaaqdo madaxbanindeed hadan ogolaansho ka haysan Serbia dhanka kale wadamo badan oo katirsan Midowga Yurub, US , wadamo carbeed iyo kuwo African ayaa markiiba aqoonsaday madaxbananida Kosovo ku dhawaad 30 wadan ayaa bil gudaheed ku aqoonsday Kosovo.

2.1.3 Doorka Qurba joogta reer Kosovo.

Sanadkii 1989 marki ciidamda Serbia galeen Kosovo ayaa waxa Europe galay dadkii ugu badna ee reer Kosovo ahaa waxanay deganaasho ka heleen wadamo badan oo Yurub ah sida Germany oo hada lagu qiyaaso 270,000 qof inay degen yihiin, Swezirland 160,000 qof, waxan guud ahaan qurba joogta Kosovo lagu qiyaasa 800,000 oo qof

Waxa kale oo ay dadk reer Kosovo ku nool yihiin wadamada U S, Wadamada Scandinavian, United Kingdom, France, Belgium iyo Austria, qayb yar ayaa iyaguna ku nool Australia iyo New Zealand.

Sanadki 2000 waxa lagu qiyaasay lacagta soo gaadhay Kosovo ee ka timi qurbajoogta 275 Million Eurohalka sanadkii 2008 ay gaadhay 535.8 Million

Xiligi 1990 waxay qurbajoogta Kosovo si xoogan uga qayb qaaten dagaalki ay kula jireen Serbia dhaqaale ahaan iyo siyasad ahaanba

2008 marki ay ku dhawaaqday madaxbananided waxay qaaday talaaboyin badan oo xaga dawladnimada ah waxayna samaysteen dastuur u gaar ah.

Dalka Kosovo waxa aqoonsan 63 dal oo xubno ka ah UN iyo hal wadan oo aan xubin ka ahayn UN (Taiwan) hada waxa safaarado ku leh Kosov 14 wadan oo u badan kuwa reer Europea 7 non residents ambassadors iyo 11 liaisons offices (xafiisyo xidhiidhiyayal siysasadeed) ah sidoo kale hal Million oo Euro ayaa loo qondeeyay in lagu dhiso wasaarada arimaha debada Kosovo hada waxay xafiisyo diplomasiyeed ku leedahay 11 dal hadan waxya wada sanadkan 2009 11 safaradood oo kale in la furo.

2.2 East Timor

Dalka East Timor oo sido kale loo yaqano Timor-Leste oo ku yaala Southeast Asia waa jasiirad yar oo u dhaw dalka Indonesia waxa guumaystay Portuguese qarnigi 16aad sanadki 1975 ayay ka qaadatay madaxbanaanideed Portuguese ka lakin sanad kadib 1976 waxa qabsaday oo la wareegay ciidamada dalka Indonesia waxa dawlada Indonesia sheegaty in East Timor tahay gobolka 27aad ee dalka Indonesia.

Dakd reer East Timor waxay kaga jawaaben galitaanka dalkood mudaharado rabashado wata iyo quluqulatooyin kuwaso la sheegay inay ku dhinteen dad ka badan 60,000 oo qof waxa report laga diyariya East Timor lagu sheegay in mudadi u dhaxaysay 1974-1999 inay dhinteen dad gaadhaya 102,800 kuwaso 18,600 lagu dilay dagaalada halka 84,200 u dhinteen gaajo iyo cuduro kale.

Dadka East Timor waxay bilaaben sanadki 1976 dagaalo kudhufo ka dhaqaq ah oo loga soo horjeedo Indonesia kuwaso tageero ka helayay wadamada US , Portuguese iyo Australia. Ugu danbayntii wado hadalo dhex marya US iyoPortuguese oo dhinac ah iyo Indonesia ayaa lagu go’aansdatay in UN ku afti ka qaadan dadka reer East Timor waxan ugu danbaytii August 1999 dadka reer East Timor la waydiiyay inay kal doortan inay xor ka noqdan Indonesia iyo inay ka sii mid ahaadan Indonesia yeeshan Ismaamul goboleed Waxan 78.5% doorten inay ka badax bananadaan oo ay noqdan dawlada gaar ah arinta ayaa sababtay rabshado xoogan oo ay bilaben ciidamdi Indonesia ee jogay East Timor iyo dad reer Timor ah oo taagersan Indonesia. Rabshadah kadib waxa soo faro galiyay nabad ilaliyayal caalamiya oo ay hogaaminayso Australia loona yaqaanay INTERFET (international Force for East Timor), waxa yar kadiban waxa nabad ilaliyasha lagu badalay maamul UN ka hoos yimaada oo loo yaqanay hawlagaka UNTAET oo ka koobna maamul isugu jira 11 xubnood oo East Timor iyo afar xubnood oo ah UNTAET ugu danbayntii waxay si toos ah ugu bireen UN September 27, 2002.

2.3 Eritrea

Sanadkii 1890 waxa dalka Ertirea qabsada Italia oo guumasan jiray 1941 waxa la wareegay ciidamadi British ka 1949 kiina waxa mamulki Bristish loo badal mid UN ka hoos tagta, sanadki 1952 waxa Eritrea UN ka dhigtay gobol federal ah oo ka tirsan Ethiopia.

Hogaamiyihii Ethiopia Haile Selassie ayaa sanadki 1961 kala diray barlamaanki iyo maamulki Ismamul goboleedka Eritrea wuxuna sheegay in Eritrea tahay gobolka 14aad ee Ethopia sandkii 1962 inta kadibna waxa dadka reer Eritrea bilaaben dagaal xornimo doon ah waxay samaysteen jabhad la odhan jiray Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) wadamo badan oo carbeed sida Masarida, Suriya iyo kuwo kale ayaa caawiyay ELF madama oo dad Muslim ah u badnayeen markii hore jabhada ELF ta

Sanadihii 1970 iyo bilowgii 80 waxa aad u tageerayay Ethopia dalka USSR (Midowgii sofiyati) iyo Cuba oo siyay cawimo badan taaso keentay inay diciifiyan dagaal yahanadi Eritrea ka ahaa, lakin markii sanadki 1989 Russia looga adkaaday dagaalki qabooba waxa wiqmay tageeridi ay ka heli jireen waxan markaas jabhadi Eritrea oo xiliga xoogaystay isla markaan dad badan ku soo bireen qabsaden Magalo xeebadka Massawa sanadkii 1990 taaso wax badan u fududaysay Jabahadi isla markaan sahashay qabsashada inta badan dalka marka laga reerbo caasimada Asmara waxa ugu danbaynti ay caasimada Asmara soo galeen jabahdu oo markaas magaceeda loo badalay Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) 24 May 1991 xiligaaso gabi haanba dalka Ethiopia na lag eryay boqorki xukumayay Mengistu Hailemariam oo u carara dalka Zimbabwe oo uu manta ku nool yahay. Kadibana waxa la dhisay Dawlada Eritrea oo la yeelatay dawladi cusubayd ee wakhtiga ka dhalatay dalka Ethopia oo ay la soo wada dagaalameen maamulki Mengistu isla markiiba waxay dalbadeen in UN ka qaado afti si loo sugo madaxbananidooda ugu danbaynti waxa aftidii laga qaaday April 1993 waxan lagu dhawaaqay natijadi 24 May 1993 oo in ka badan 99% ogaldeen madaxbananida Eritrea oo ku beeganayad labo sanad guuradi marki jabahada qabsatay Asmara.

Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPLF ayaa dalka u keenay xoriyada markii danabna loo badalay magacii ururka People’s Front for Democracy and Justice, (PFDJ) ururkan oo ila maanta ka taliya Eritrea.

3.0 Maxsuulka Xog ururintan

Saddex dan wadan wax aka muuqta inay meelo badan isga eeg yihiin habka ay ku gaadhen aqoonsiga caalamiga ah dhamaantood waxay dhibanayal u ahayeen wadamo ay hore uga tirsanan jireen sida Kosovo oo ka go’aday Serbia kadib dhibaato daran, Eritrea oo ka goday Ethiopia kadib dagaal dheer iyo East Timor oo ka goday dalka Indonesia kadib dagaal mudo qaatay.

Dhamaantod waxay ka siman yihiin am labo kamid ah ka siman yihiin qodobadan:-

Waxay tageero ka heleen Qaramada Midobay (UN)
Waxay tageero ka heleen oo tageeray qadiyadooda wadamo wa weyn sida EU, US, UK. Portuguese, Australia, NATO iyo kuwo kale.
East Timor iyo Kosovo waxa ka dhashay maamulo hoos taga UN kuwaso u sahal inay helaan aqoonsi caalamiya.
Eriterea iyo East Timor waxa laga qaaday afti ay hogaaminaysay UN taaso sababtay aqoonsigooda duniduna sida ku aqoonsatay.
Qurbajoogta dalalkasi si xoogan bay uga qayb qaaten dub udhiskii iyo u dagaalki xoriyada dhaqaale ahaan iyo siyaasad ahaanba.
Wakhti dheer ayay dhamaantod ku qaatay inay helaan madax banaani buuxda dhamaantod waxay dagaalda in ka badan 20 sano
Xidhiidho Dublumasi oo ay la lahyeen wadamadi guumaystay qaarkod sida East Timor ayaa u sahalay goni isutaagoda.
Magacayda dalalkan way ka duwanayeen kuway ka goayeen sida
Kosovo= Serbia 2. East Timor= Indonesia 3. Eritrea= Ethiopia
4.0 Talo soo jeedin (Recommendations)

Hadaba Somaliland maxay ka baran karta jidkay wadamadani u mareen ka midho dhalinta halgankoodi aqoonsi doonka ah, lakin Somaliland fahanka jidka ay mareen 3 dal kadib maxa la gudboon inay manta ku dhaqaaqdo si ay ku gaadho aqoonso buuxa.

Qodobadan soo socda fikiradayada ku salaysan taariikhdan kooban ee kor ku xusan.

In la xoojiyo Wasaarada Arimaha debada si loo yeesho xidhiidh xoogan oo Diblumasiyadeed kaaso sababi kara in la helo saaxibo wa weyn oo ka qayb qaadan kara aqoonsiga Somaliland dhaqaalo ahan iyo siyasad ahaanba arintan oo lagu gadhi karo Wasaarada arimaha Debeda oo loo dhibo Diblumasiyiin, Aqoonyahano iyo dadka ku lugta leh siyaasadaha dalalka debda kuwaaso Dunida waxa u sheegi kara lehna aqoonti iyo waayo aragnimadi ay ku kasban lahyeen saaxibo isla markaan loo helo dhaqaale ku filan wasaarada arimaha debda tuusale ahaan Miisaniyada Qaranka Somaliland oo kooban isla markaan ku baxda meelo aad u muhiim ah sida amaanka waxa haboon in wasaarada arimaha debda dhaqaale looga helo qurba joogta oo loo sameeyo Dhaqalo ururin (fundraising) Sanadkiiba mar loo sameeyo Maalinta dhaqaalo ururinta aqoonsiga Somaliland dhaqaalahaso si xilkasnimo iyo daacadnimo loogu maamul xoojinta xidhiidhada Diplomasi tusaale ahaan habeenka dabal dega 18 May ee sanad walba ka dhaca daafaha dunida ayaa waxa sanad walba laga ururin kara dhaqaalah aqoonsi raadiska Somaliland taaso sahalaysa in dhaqaale ku filan loo helo Wasaarada arimaha debeda iyo xafiiska aqonsi raadiska Somaliland.
In Xidhiidh lala yeesho wadamad Awooda badan dhaqaalo ahaan iyo Siyasad ahaanba si loo helo tageeradooda, ina xidhiidh la yeesho wadamada aan wali la aqoonsan ee sida Somaliland raadinaya aqoonsiga waliba xidhiidh dhaw la la sameeyo kuwa siyasad ahaan inala jaan qadi kara in xidhiidh iyo wax ka barasho lala yeesho wadamada dhawaan helay aqoonsigooda kuwa la fahmi karo sida East Timor, Kosovo iyo kuwa kale si waxa looga barto jidkay mareen
In la xoojiyo ergayga Ictiraaf radinta oo la sameeyo xarun daraasad ku samaysa habka aqoonsi lo heli karo , isla markaasna cassunta aqoonyahanada iyo diblumasiyiinta caalamiga ah sida ururka Independent Diplomat iyo kuwa kale caalamiga ah. Xafiiska aqoonsi raadiku waa in uu hoos taga Wasaarada arimaha debeda isla markaasn hal meel laga wada dhaqaajiya ololaha aqoonsi raadiska ah.
in la dhiso ururo qurbajoogta oo ka hawl gal aqoonsiga Somaliland iyago la shaqynahay Xafiiska Ergayga Ictiraaf raadinta, Ururada ay leeyihin dadk qurba joogtu iyo Wasaarada Arimaha debeda, isla markan dal kasta oo jaliayada Somaliland tegentahay laga furo xafiiska Ictiraaf raadinta Somaliland sanad walban dadka qurba joogta ah ababulan habeen 18 May dhaqaale ururinta xafiiska aqoonsi raadinta Somalialand.
in la abuuro Golaha Aqoon yahanka Somaliland (Somaliland Scholars Group) oo aan waxa lug ah ku lahayn Siyasada isla markaan diyaariya daraasado siyasadeed iyo kuwo dhaqaale (hada waxa jira Independence Scholars Group ISG oo mudoyinkan u danbeeyay soo saaray talooyin waxa ku ool ah fadhigooduna yahay Hargeisa waxa haboon in la xoojiyo golahaas lagana dhigo mid laamo ku leh qaaradah aduunka oo dhan isla makaan qabta dhawrkii biloodba kulan lagu gorfeeyo arimaha siyaasada, dhaqaalaha, aqoonsiga iyo horumarinta bulshada isla markaana xidhiidhiya aqoonyaha Somaliland ee dunida ku kala filqan kuwaaso qaarkod saamayen weyn leeyihin isla markaan xilal ka hayaan haayado, ururo iyo jaamacado caalamiya kuwaaso, maskax ahaan, iyo aqoon ahaanba wax badan ku dari kara habka aqoonsi aadinta Somaliland.
in sanadkiiba la qabto shirar caalamiya oo ka dhaca dalka gudihiisa iyo debediisaba oo lagu casuumo diblumaasiyinta aduunka, macalimiinta jaamacadaha, cilmi badhayaasha, iyo qurbajoogta Somaliland shirkan oo ay qaban qaabin doonan xafiiska Ictiraaf raadinta , Wasaarada arimaha debeda iyo Ururada Qurbajoogta ah waxaan lagu qaban kara sanadkiba hal mar US, UK iyo Somaliland tusaale ahaan soo nolaynta shirkii SOPRI ee lagu qaban jiray US kaaso hada aan in mudo ahla qaban..
In Qaramada midoobay xidhiidh fiican lala yeesho inago casharo ka baranayan sida Kosovo, East Timor, iyo Eritrea ku heleen aqoonsi caalamiya iyago gacan buuxada ka helay UN ka marka waxa haboon in si kasto aya tahay UN xidhiidhkeeda la xoojiyo.
Ugu danbeyn In maamulka dalku (xukumada) (ha ahaato ta hada joogta am ta mustaqbalka dhaw iman doonte) la timaado siyaasada la jaan qaadi karta raadinta aqoonsi caalamiya isla markaan beesha caalamka ka iibin karta inay Somaliland u soo joogsadan siyasadaas. Siyasadaas oo ay gun u tahay Maamul wanaag, wada tashi, xisaab calin, ixtiraamka xoriyatul qawlka iyo horumarinta adeegyada dalka.iyo In Bulshada inteeda kale la timaado dareen wadaninimo isla markaan danta shakhsiga ah, qof jeclaysiga, caadifada yare e jirta dhamaan layska dhaafo loona dhaqaaqo jaho loo midyasan yahay oo ah:-
Side aqoonsi caalamiya ku helnaa? Barbarkay ka baxdaana waa bakayla qaleen

5.0 Gunaanad

Hadi aynu si yaro kooban u jaleecno habka iyo jidka saddexda dale e aynu kor ku sheegnay u mareen aqoonsiga caalamiga ah waxaynu ka baran karma casharo badan kadibna inako ku dabaqayna wacyigeena inoo gaarka waxxaynu kala soo dhex bixi karma hab aynu ku gaadhi karno aqoonsi buuxa, waxa taariikhda kooban ee dalalkas ka dhex muuqda inay mudo dheer ku qaadatay taaso loo baahan yahay inaynu dulqaadkeeda iyo samirkeeda la nimaadno isla markaan dad keenu kala saran siyaasada heer xisbi ee dadkeenu inta badan ku mashquulen iyo siysada heer qaran ee qof walba xilku ka saran yahay isla markana arinta aqoonsi raadiska laga dhigo lama taabtan nin walba dhiniciisa ka kalo isagoon agaynin ninka dalka haysta xisbiga maamula waayo waa geed hadi manta la beero kumaanan sano la hadhsan doono isla markaan anfici doona qofkasta taaso la rabo in si fiican loo fahmo.

Diyaariye: Saeed Mohamed Haji Osman

Kampala International University

Kampala- Uganda

Email- cismaan20@hotmail.com

Reference:

ATRC (2009)Diaspora Discusses Future Role in Kosovo the advocate volume 2 issue 6

Christopher J. Borgen (2008) “Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence” Research report.

Dom Kihara-Hunt, (2005) “Timor Leste 3 years after independence” Article

Dr. Jens Bastian (2009) Kosovo’s Independence and International Repercussions

Forum for democratic initiatives (2009) DIASPORA AS A DRIVING FORCE FOR DEVELOPMENT IN KOSOVO: MYTH OR REALITY?

Independent Diplomat (2007) report

Russell Schimmer, Project Director: Professor Ben Kiernan, Post Doctoral Research Fellow: Adam Jones (1999) Violence by Fire in East Timor GSP Working Paper No. 33

Selam Peacebuilding Network (SPN) (2006) “The Role of the Eritrean Diaspora in Peacebuilding and Development: